Tajweed / Phonetic Coloring

Category	Color	Letters
Throat letters (حروف حلق)	red	ء ه ع ح غ خ
Qalqalah	blue	ق ط ب ج د
Tafkhīm (full-mouth)	orange	ص ض ط ظ ق

Weak Verb Categories (الأفعال المعتلة)

Weak verbs contain one or more weak letters (و، ي، ا). Each category has distinct morphological and vowel behavior.

Category	Tag	Description	Examples
Strong (صحيح سالم)	Strong	No weak letters. All radicals are strong consonants.	كَتَبَ — kataba (he wrote) دَرَسَ — darasa (he studied)
Mithāl (مثال)	Mithāl	Weak at r0 (first radical = و or ي).	وَعَدَ — waʿada (he promised) يَعِدُ — yaʿidu (he promises) وُصِلَ — wusila (he was connected)
ʾAjwaf (أجوف)	ʾAjwaf	Weak at r1 (middle letter). Vowel contraction occurs.	قَالَ — qāla (he said) يَقُولُ — yaqūlu (he says) بَاعَ — bāʿa (he sold) يَبِيعُ — yabīʿu (he sells)
Nāqiṣ (ناقص)	Nāqiṣ	Weak at r2 (final radical). Final vowels drop in jussive.	دَعَا — daʿā (he called) يَدْعُو — yadʿū (he calls) رَمَى — ramā (he threw) يَرْمِي — yarmī (he throws)
Lafīf (لفيف)	Lafīf	Two weak radicals (either 1+2 or 1+3).	وَقَى — waqā (he protected) يَقِي — yaqī (he protects) طَوَى — ṭawā (he folded) يَطْوِي — yaṭwī (he folds)

Noun Case Rules (الإعراب — Cases of Arabic Nouns)

Arabic nouns decline for three basic cases: **Rafʿ (Nominative)**, **Naṣb (Accusative)**, and **Jarr (Genitive)**. Case endings differ based on definiteness, gender, sound plural type, and diptote status.

Case	Ending (Indef.)	Ending (Def.)	Meaning	Examples
Rafʿ (مرفوع)	-ٌ (un)	-ُ (u)	Subject, doer of verb, default state	كِتَابٌ — kitābun (a book) الْكِتَابُ — al-kitābu (the book) ٱلرَّجُلُ قَامَ — ar-rajulu qāma (the man stood)
Naṣb (منصوب)	-ً (an)	-َ (a)	Object of verb; after certain particles; adverbs	كِتَابًا — kitāban (a book – object) الْكِتَابَ — al-kitāba (the book – object) رَأَيْتُ رَجُلًا — raʾaytu rajulan (I saw a man)
Jarr (مجرور)	-ٍ (in)	-ِ (i)	After prepositions, mudāf ilayh (possessive), adjective match	كِتَابٍ — kitābin (of a book) فِي الْكِتَابِ — fī al-kitābi (in the book) بَيْتُ الرَّجُلِ — baytu ar-rajuli (the man's house)

Sound Masculine Plural (جَمْعُ المُذَكَّر السَّالِم)

Ends with **ونَ / ينَ** depending on case:

Case	Ending	Example
Rafʿ	-ونَ (ūna)	مُسْلِمُونَ — muslimūna
Naṣb	-ينَ (īna)	مُسْلِمِينَ — muslimīna
Jarr	-ينَ (īna)	فِي مُسْلِمِينَ — fī muslimīna

Sound Feminine Plural (جَمْعُ المُؤَنَّث السَّالِم)

Always ends with **ات**; case endings attach before the final tāʾ marbūṭah.

Case	Ending	Example
Rafʿ	-اتُ (ātu)	مُسْلِمَاتُ — muslimātu
Naṣb	-اتِ (āti)	مُسْلِمَاتِ — muslimāti
Jarr	-اتِ (āti)	فِي مُسْلِمَاتِ — fī muslimāti

Diptotes (الممنوع من الصرف)

These nouns do not take tanwīn and have only two case endings: **Rafʿ = ُ**, **Naṣb = َ**, **Jarr = َ** (same as Naṣb).

Type	Description	Example
Pattern-based	faʿlān, mafāʿil, fuʿalāʾ…	أَحْمَرُ — aḥmaru (red) فِي أَحْمَرَ — fī aḥmara
Name types	don’t accept tanwīn; proper names	أَحْمَدُ — aḥmadu رَأَيْتُ أَحْمَدَ — raʾaytu aḥmada
Foreign names	Imported names like “Ibrāhīm”	إِبْرَاهِيمُ — ibrāhīmu فِي إِبْرَاهِيمَ — fī ibrāhīma

Form I Pattern Families — الْفِعْلُ الثُّلَاثِي الْمُجَرَّد

Form I is the basic triliteral verb form. It has the highest variation in vowels: **three perfect patterns**, **multiple imperfect patterns**, and many masdar families.

1. Perfect (Past) Patterns

Pattern	Arabic	IPA	Meaning Pattern	Example
faʿala	فَعَلَ	fa.ʕa.la	most common; general meaning	كَتَبَ — kataba (he wrote)
faʿila	فَعِلَ	fa.ʕi.la	state qualities, emotions	فَرِحَ — fariḥa (he rejoiced)
faʿula	فَعُلَ	fa.ʕu.la	stative qualities (to be X)	كَرُمَ — karuma (he was noble)

2. Imperfect (Present) Patterns

Determined by perfect vowel pattern + semantic class.

Imperfect Pattern	Arabic	IPA	Typical Origin	Example
yafʿalu	يَفْعَلُ	yaf.ʕa.lu	from faʿala	يَكْتُبُ — yaktubu (he writes)
yafʿilu	يَفْعِلُ	yaf.ʕi.lu	from faʿila	يَفْرِحُ — yafriḥu (he rejoices)
yafʿulu	يَفْعُلُ	yaf.ʕu.lu	from faʿula	يَكْرُمُ — yakrumu (he is noble)
yaCtaLu	يَفْعَلُ / يَفْعُلُ (semantic)	yaC.ta.lu	motion/incomplete actions	يَدْخُلُ — yadkhulu (he enters)

3. Passive Voice Patterns

Voice	Arabic	IPA	Meaning	Example
Passive Perfect (fuʿila)	فُعِلَ	fu.ʕi.la	something was done	كُتِبَ — kutiba (it was written)
Passive Imperfect (yufʿalu)	يُفْعَلُ	yuf.ʕa.lu	something is being done	يُكْتَبُ — yuktabu
Passive Imperfect (yufʿilu)	يُفْعِلُ	yuf.ʕi.lu	less common subclass	يُنْزِلُ — yunzilu (cause to descend)

4. Masdar (Verbal Noun) Families

Form I masdars have many patterns; your ACE analyzer automatically chooses when available.

Pattern	Arabic	Meaning Shading	Example
faʿl	فَعْل	general action	ضَرْب — ḍarb (striking)
fiʿāl	فِعَال	intensity / repeated	قِتَال — qitāl (fighting)
faʿʿ	فَعّ	physical actions	حَرّ — ḥarr (heat)
mafʿal / mafʿil	مَفْعَل / مَفْعِل	place/time of action	مَدْخَل — madkhal (entrance)
fuʿūl	فُعُول	states	قُعُود — quʿūd (sitting)
fiʿla	فِعْلَة	single instance	جِلْسَة — jilsah (a single sitting)

Full Technical Rules

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