ACE — Weak Verbs (الأفعال المعتلة)

1. Assimilated Verbs — المثال

Definition: Weak letter in the first radical (r0).

وقف — وَقَفَ

Examples:

Root	Past	Imperfect	Meaning
wSl	وَصَلَ	يَصِلُ	to arrive
qwl	قَالَ	يَقُولُ	to say
wqy	وَقَى	يَقِي	to protect

Key Rule: The weak و often drops in the imperfect.

ACE Rule: If r0 ∈ {w, y} → imperfect prefix vowel shifts and r0 may disappear.

2. Hollow Verbs — الأجوف

Definition: Weak letter in the second radical (r1).

قول

Examples:

Root	Past	Imperfect	Meaning
qwl	قَالَ	يَقُولُ	to say
khwf	خَافَ	يَخَافُ	to fear
bayʕ	بَاعَ	يَبِيعُ	to sell

Key Rules:

• Past tense has long vowel: قَالَ (aa), خَافَ (aa)
• Imperfect restores the weak radical: يَقُولُ, يَبِيعُ
• Passive hollow verbs shorten vowel: قِيلَ، خِيفَ

ACE Rule: For r1 ∈ {w, y} → past uses long vowel (aA), imperfect restores consonant.

3. Defective Verbs — الناقص

Definition: Weak letter in the final radical (r2).

رمى

Examples:

Root	Past	Imperfect	Meaning
rmy	رَمَى	يَرْمِي	to throw
daʕw	دَعَا	يَدْعُو	to call / invite
saʕy	سَعَى	يَسْعَى	to strive

Key Rules:

• Final weak letter changes depending on suffix
• In jussive and imperative: final vowel drops لَمْ يَدْعُ
• Final alif changes to yā’ when suffix starts with a vowel

ACE Rule: For r2 ∈ {w, y} → final radical changes based on mode (indicative, subjunctive, jussive, imperative).

4. Doubly Weak Verbs — اللفيف

Roots containing two weak radicals.

• لفيف مفروق (weak outer radicals): e.g., وَقَى
• لفيف مقرون (weak consecutive radicals): e.g., طَوَى

Examples:

Root Type	Root	Form	Meaning
Separated (مفروق)	وَقَى	يَقِي	to protect
Joined (مقرون)	طَوَى	يَطْوِي	to fold

ACE Rule: When two weak radicals occur, ACE applies combined hollow + defective logic.

5. Special Rules — Lam–Alif & Final Alif Variants

Final alif can represent:

• ā from *alif maqṣūrah* (ى)
• ā from *alif mamdūdah* (ا)

Example:

Root	Past	Note
rmy	رَمَى	ends with ى → becomes ي in imperfect
daʕw	دَعَا	ends with ا → becomes و in imperfect

ACE correctly distinguishes ى vs. ا using your transliteration rules (aA, iy, uw).

6. How ACE Detects Weak Verbs

ACE examines the transliteration root:

• If r0 ∈ {w, y} → Assimilated
• If r1 ∈ {w, y} → Hollow
• If r2 ∈ {w, y} → Defective
• If ≥2 radicals ∈ {w, y} → Doubly Weak

ACE then applies:

• correct vowel patterns
• long-vowel restoration or collapse
• jussive / subjunctive vowel deletion
• imperative formation rules
• Tajweed coloring (optional)
• IPA generation