ACE — Legend & Color Coding

Every assembled token uses fixed ACE colors:

• Prefix — imperfect markers (ya-, ta-, na-, ea-)
• Stem — root radicals (r0–r1–r2) + vowels
• Suffix — pronoun endings

Example:

yaktubu

→ prefix (y), stem (aktub), suffix (u)

ACE shows each radical in a distinct color:

• k — r0 (first radical)
• t — r1 (second radical)
• b — r2 (third radical)

Example:

ktb

3.1 Throat letters — RED

ء ه ع ح غ خ

3.2 Qalqalah letters — BLUE

ق ط ب ج د

3.3 Tafkhīm (heavy) — ORANGE

خ ص ض ط ظ غ ق

These colors appear automatically in the Stem Tester, Analyzer, and Quran Viewer.

4.1 Short vowels

Latin	Arabic	IPA
a	َ (fatḥa)	a
i	ِ (kasra)	i
u	ُ (ḍamma)	u
Sukun	ْ	(no vowel)

4.2 Long vowels

• aA → ā
• iy → ī
• uw → ū

Rules now applied in latinToArabic():

• ea → أَ
• ei after long vowel aA → ئ standalone
• eu → ؤُ
• AAumyaAei → عُمْيَاءِ (correct hamza seat)
• (a)lssamaAei → ٱلسَّمَاءِ
• eaAAmaEY → أَعْمَىٰ

Special rules: combination of hamza + long vowel chooses correct seat (ء، ئ، ؤ).

6.1 Subject Pronouns (14)

Used for imperfect prefixes & perfect suffixes.

• هو — he
• هما — they two (m/f)
• هم — they (m)
• هي — she
• هن — they (f)
• أنت — you (m)
• أنتِ — you (f)
• … and others

6.2 Attached object pronouns

هُ / هَا / كَ / كِ / ي / نا / هم / هنّ etc.

6.3 Genitive pronouns

Same as object pronouns except vowel rules apply differently.

6.4 Definite article

al- → الـ with sun/moon letter assimilation automatically applied.

6.5 Particle groups

lan, lam, sa, sawfa, qad, laA (prohibitive), la (emphatic), etc.

Standard order:

Conjunction → Particle → Article → Prefix → Stem → Suffix → Object pronoun → Genitive pronoun → Declension
        

Manual order is also possible using the Stem Tester.

• ā → /aː/
• ī → /iː/
• ū → /uː/
• ḥ → /ħ/
• ṣ → /sˤ/
• ḍ → /dˤ/
• ṭ → /tˤ/
• ẓ → /ðˤ/
• ʕ → /ʕ/
• ʔ → /ʔ/